FHFA annual index 1978–2025Developmental county indexPermits through August 2026
Clay County (100 = first year)United States, rebased to the same startNBER recession
FHFA notes: The FHFA HPI is a broad measure of the movement of single-family house prices. The FHFA HPI is a weighted, repeat-sales index, meaning that it measures average price changes in repeat sales or refinancings on the same properties. FHFA describes its county indexes as developmental and subject to revision. The index does not give a dollar value for any home.
FHFA's index for Clay County, Minnesota, starts in 1978 and stood at 509 in 2025, +409.4% above its base of 100.
Over the ten years to 2025 the index rose +56.7% (+4.6% a year), below Minnesota at +71.4% and well below the national +85.0%. The Fargo, ND-MN area rose +53.7%. The latest one-year change is +4.8%.
The strongest decade was the 2000s (+46.2%); the weakest the 1980s (−3.3%).
Builders were authorised for 254 housing units in the county in the 12 months to August 2026 (−7.0% on the previous 12 months), 3.7 units per 1,000 residents; 51% were single-family houses. Since 1995 the county has authorised 11,537 units, most in 2004.
+4.8%1 year, 2024–2025Minnesota +2.8%
+36.4%5 yearsUS +47.0%
+56.7%10 years+4.6% a year annualised
+168.3%since 2000US +158.3%
254units permitted, 12 months3.7 per 1,000 residents
All columns are FHFA annual all-transactions indexes over the same years.
Decade by decade
Decade
Change
United States
1980s (1980–1990)
−3.3%
+68.2%
1990s (1990–2000)
+41.0%
+33.9%
2000s (2000–2010)
+46.2%
+29.7%
2010s (2010–2020)
+34.6%
+35.5%
2020s so far (2020–2025)
+36.4%
+47.0%
FHFA reports each index with a value of 100 in its base period, the first year the area has enough transactions (1978 here). A decade's change is the index at the end of the decade divided by the index at the start, so it does not depend on the base year; the United States column covers the same years. Decades before 1978 are not shown.
Peak-to-low declines
Peak
Low
Decline
Peak regained
1980
1984
−17.4%
1991
Building permits
Housing units authorised by building permits in Clay County, by month over the latest five years and by year since 1995.
Housing units authorised in Clay County by month, latest 12 monthssingle-family2+ unit buildings
Housing units authorised in Clay County by month, latest 60 monthssingle-family2+ unit buildings
Housing units authorised in Clay County by year, 1995–2025single-family2+ unit buildings
Permits, 12 months to August 2026
Clay County
Minnesota
United States
Housing units authorised
254
22,158
1,418,086
Units per 1,000 residents
3.7
3.8
4.1
Single-family share
51%
58%
63%
Change on previous 12 months
−7.0%
+2.8%
−0.1%
Units authorised since 1995
11,537
779,606
43,082,761
Population is the Census Bureau's vintage 2025 estimate. Permits authorise construction; they are not completions.
ZIP codes in Clay County
Ranked by ten-year change in the FHFA ZIP index. Where a ZIP's index ends before 2025, its spans end in that year.
How much have home values in Clay County risen over 10 years?
The FHFA index for Clay County rose +56.7% from 2015 to 2025, about +4.6% a year. Over 20 years: +95.3%; since 2000: +168.3%.
How does Clay County compare with Minnesota and the United States?
Over the ten years to 2025: Clay County +56.7%, Minnesota +71.4%, United States +85.0%, Fargo, ND-MN +53.7%.
What happened to Clay County prices in 2008?
The county index shows no decline of 5% or more from a 2005–2008 peak. The Minnesota index fell −22.1% over 2006–2012.
How many homes are being built in Clay County?
254 housing units were authorised by building permits in the 12 months to August 2026 (129 single-family, 115 in buildings of five or more units), or 3.7 per 1,000 residents against 3.8 for Minnesota.
Where does this data come from?
The index is FHFA's annual county house price index (all-transactions, developmental), last updated March 31, 2026, with values through 2025. Permits are from the Census Bureau Building Permits Survey through August 2026; population is the Census Bureau's vintage 2025 estimate.
Provenance
Index: Federal Housing Finance Agency, annual house price index for counties (all-transactions, developmental), last updated March 31, 2026, values 1978–2025; metro, state and national comparisons from FHFA's annual indexes in the same release. Permits: Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, county and place files, through August 2026. Population: Census Bureau vintage 2025 estimates. ZIP assignment: 2020 ZCTA-to-county relationship file. Public domain throughout. Corrections · FHFA HPI datasets · Building Permits Survey.